The worlds wife Essay Example for Free

The worlds wife EssayTo what extent are Mrs Sisyphus and Mrs Rip Van Winkle characters of the Worlds Wife? The Worlds Wife an array of relentless and unapologetic onlyy womens liberationist poems consisting of a large number of personas, who are witheringly contemptuous of the men they have ended up with, generally inadequate, self-obsessed and immature. Each poem carrying an implicit depicted object of feminine virtues governed by the well-nighwhat scorn of women.Mrs Sisyphus and Mrs Rip Van Winkle playing host to many of the ironically degrading characters that have been ordainn to their comeback opposites. Mrs Sisyphus serves as a resounding echo to many of the female characters that find themselves within Duffys feminist collection. Thats him pushing the stone up the hill the jerk. It is this blunt further explicit statement made by Mrs Sisyphus that tack togethers out the pace for the rest of the poem, conveying immediately the attitude she has towards her husband an d the dork like actions he undertakes.Furthermore, the occurrence that Sisyphus was condemned to roll a boulder up a hill for eternity, serves as a poignant reminder of him being a symbol for pointless activity. As a result, Mrs Sisyphus expresses this pointlessness and reminds us that what use is a perk, when you havent got the time to open a cork. Yet more importantly, conveys to the reader a woman who seems to long for the troupe of her husband but is just another wife deemed to endlessly disparage his obsessive behaviour.On the other hand, Mrs Rip Van Winkle is in plenteous contrast to the attitude that Mrs Sisyphus possesses. As we learn that Rip Van Winkles sleep in Duffys hand becomes his wifes liberation while he slept I found some hobbies for myself. When one thinks of sleep, we associate it with inactivity. However, in the case of Mrs Winkle the silence and stillness that her husband undergoes awakens the opportunity for her to cease life and all its wonders Painting, s eeing the sights. No interminable condemned to the submissive behaviour of her domineering husband.The Leaning Tower, The Pyramids, the Taj Mahal, taking in each sight with a new lease on life, being able to breather freely and see the sights shed always dreamed about no longer within the clutches of a man. Mrs Sisyphus highlights to the reader, the implications a wife must plaque when having a berk for a husband. She mentions of wanting to go for so much as a walk in the park, yet as it seems that when a man becomes wildly obsessed keen as a hawk, lean as a shark, the importance of a woman diminishes as the size of the stone he pushes is adjacent the size of a kirk.Therefore, signifying to the reader one of the many characteristics that females have within the Worlds Wife resenting their husbands. Furthermore, the poem seems partly a language game jerk, kirk, perk, cork, the rhymes and the half rhymes, give a sense of repetition that imitates Sisyphuss punishment, yet in actual fact it is not him who seems to be punished, for his folly actions have left Mrs Sisyphus to be the actual dupe plagued by his punishment.This simple yet effective rhyming scheme reinforces the idea that Mrs Sisyphus sees her husband to be nothing more then an individual to be gawked at some type of circus freak. Through her idiomatic tone one is able to draw out the characteristics of a woman who sees no sense in rolling a stone that feckin no sooner up than its rolling back down. This movement of the stone going up yet gravely set to an incessant downward spiral is a reflection of Mrs Sisyphus relationship with her husband.Similarly even though Mrs Winkle initially faces the prospect of having an elated life without her husband, sees her dreams bust when her husband awakes sitting up in bed rattling viagra. Duffy conveys, the position of Mrs Winkle within their relationship, she seems nothing more then object for sex and delight for her husband. Bound by the ever conventionalis t view of women being nothing more then the property of men.Not only deeply patronising, but in all places and at all times, suggesting only men are of importance, and their wifes are mere appendages. After all she had taken up food and given up function it did me good a reversal of what one would associate as being good or in the eyes of her husband being seen as an loving woman. The fact that her self worth is associated by her physical attributes highlights Duffys anger at how male emblems seem to place women in a position where only objectification is possible. veritable(a) more so, Duffy hints that in order for a female to find true happiness she must remove the realms that bind her, but what was best, hands-down beat the rest was saying a none-too-fond- farewell to sex. We as the reader are made to feel the excitement and happiness that Mrs Rip Van Winkle is going by dint of yet as soon as it arrives, her dream comes to a close at the eventual awakening of her husband. Thu s, a sense of pathos is created and one ordure only pity the situation she finds herself in.

Technology in the Learning Essay Example for Free

Technology in the Learning EssayThe teacher knows how to give the materials.The schoolchilds can relate and understand the lesson beca single-valued function the application or softw ar package of that intermiticular military issue is found in material.If the teacher did not know how to use material it can cause weakness.The volumes of computers are not sufficient.It helps to the teacher to put in the lesson for better understanding. The lesson is easily absorbed because they perform activities to apply the lesson.Its contains study to help them to understand well and instruction and procedure guide them for their activity. Note for reviewing if they leave behind forget.Your AnalysisWhat do you think prompted the teacher to fill the materials/learning resources that she/he used?Computers and hand outs are most appropriate materials for the lesson about MS Visio. Ms Visio is tool in designing charts and creating professional plats. Computer is use for their hands-on and to be seen the features of the MS Visio 2010 and for their practical evaluation to known if they understand the lesson.Hand-out is use for entropy about the topic and guide in doing their activity. Therefore, the instructional materials serve as a clear representation that was capable of giving clear information, through this the student depart able understand the lesson and easy to absorb.What difficulties, if any, did the teacher experience? How can this be managed?There was no difficulty that the teacher experience because the students are participates in dissertateion and activity. They student was get a lineed and performed the activity while the teachers makes sure that the student do thetasks. Over-all, were the learning resources/materials used effectively?Why? Why not? Yes, the computers and hand outs are effective because teacher keep getting the attention of the students in listening in the discussion and performing the activities until the class end. They got positi ve result in try out and practical evaluation so I conclude that the learning materials are appropriate.Your ReflectionPut yourself in the place of the teacher. What would you do similarly and what would you do other than if you will teach the same lesson to the same group of students? Why?If I will teach the same lesson to the same group of students I also use computer and hand outs but I will also use world-beaterPoint presentation in introducing the functions and features of MS Visio 2010 to motivate the students to listen and to view the difference kinds of charts and diagram to understand the topic well. I will give them a more problem situation in creating chart and diagrams to enhance their knowledge in creating charts and diagrams in given scenario and to appreciate the immenseness of lesson.FS 3 Technology in the Learning environsFIELD STUDY bind at least three benefits of doing a survey of available materials before fashioning your own materials? Explain each1. Less di fficulty in introducing the lesson-Teaching aid materials are help to motivate students to listen and easily in the part of the teacher to discuss the topic and help the student to understand the lesson well.2. Doing a survey of materials help me to discover materials that relevant to my topic. Give me a several option and choose materials that more effective and appropriate so that I will achieve the objectives my lesson. Also give me ideas to create radical materials.3. Surveying of available materials are can save judgment of conviction, effort and money. You will not spend time, effort and money because material is al larny available. You can choose topic that will use the available materials especially in cooking .When you think a menu to cook you should also consider the equipment or tools to use so that can save money to buying those equipments or you will focus on available materials.Your Reflections1. Which of the materials did you like making the most? Why? qualification power point presentation is the most I like because it develops my creativity in designing and animating my slide presentation because of putting pictures, videos, animated pictures and make in slide and student also like it. It easier to get their attention and they also learned by pictures and videos.2. What difficulties, if any, did you encounter in making the materials? How did you overcome them?I encounter difficulties in making hand outs and activity canvass. Hand outs should clear and enlightening so that the lesson will understand by student. And you should make sure that your activity sheet is challenging and have thrilled so that you will evaluate well your student if they absorb the lesson. I base my hand outs and activity sheet to my objectives through this it easier to me to create.3. What tips can you give teachers regarding preparation of teaching materialsIn preparation of teaching materials you should consider the availability of materials to avoid creating and purchasing materials. The suitability of materials to the subject liaison it also very important. You also consider the skill and knowledge of teacher in using the materials and also the student.FS 3 Technology in the LearningEnvironmentFIELD STUDYPAPER WORKS (Preparing Hand-outs)HAND-OUT PLANSubject Matter Technology and Livelihood Education(Baking and other Kitchen tools and Equipment ) Grade/Year Level one-quarter Year High SchoolOutlineA. Definition of MatterB. Classification of Ovens and other Baking Tools and Equipment 1. Ovens Proportionately2. Other Baking Equipment3. Baking Tools and UtensilsC. Baking Tools and Equipment and their Uses1. Spatula2. dredge Sifter3. Wooden Spoon4. Scraper5. Measuring Cups6. Measuring Spoons7. Weighing Scale8. Electric Mixer9. Rotary Egg Beater10. Grater and Shredder11. Rolling Pin12. Baking PansTypes of Graphic personal digital assistant/flow chart/schema to useReferences1. Your Analysis1. What are the good features of a handout?A good han dout must concise information and easy to stick. Its brief but make sure that it contain important detail of your lesson. Choose simplex and readable type of fonts that readers can read because difficult to read is will lose their interest immediately. Bullets, schema, diagram and flow art help your hand out to be organized to avoid confusion. cotton up and bold the important detail so that readers recognized the important information.2. Which of these features are present in the handout I made? I summarize the topic and I write only important detail so that readers understand the point of my lesson. I use bullets and schema to gives guide to the readers. I use simple fonts in order that they understand the information well. I put alsoreferences for clarification or if they need more details.3. Which features are not present in the handout I made?I present all feature I know even though I didnt know how to do good handouts but I surely my handout is clear and understandable by th e readers. Your Reflection1. What difficulties, if any, did you encounter in making the handouts? How did you overcome them? The difficulty that I encountered while making my simple handouts is to make it shorten but explainable. I put only the important information should to remember and later I discuss some details for more understanding. I also find difficult in providing schema to my example so I did was explore in the profit and select the best example to my topic.2. What tips can you give teacher regarding preparation of handouts? Teacher must be resourceful so that the handouts will be informative tools in students learning. Informative because students depend in handouts especially It tackled an ago. They also didnt remember your explanation so handouts make them recall your lesson. More information is making your reader uninterested to your topic so make it short.FS 3 Technology in the LearningEnvironmentFIELD STUDYYour Analysis1. What are the features of a good slide prese ntation?A good slide presentation contains pictures and videos to help you to discuss the topic and to have more understanding in part of student. Pictures and videos let students know what I am talking about. It helps also to get the attention of the students. The slide should follow the 7x 7 rules. Seven words every fourth dimension and seven sentences in every slide. You must remember that your text should Arial fonts style and 24 fonts size. The background color and foreground color are contrast.2. Which of these features are present in the slide presentation you made?The features I mentioned about are presented in my slide and I follow the 7 x7 rules of power point so that it will make it easier for the audience to read.3. Which features are not present in the slide presentation you made? I did not put sound effects and music because it will cause distraction to my discussion. I did not use video presentation because it consumes more time but it will depend to your topic if i t will be useful to your discussion.Your Reflection1. What difficulties, if any, did you encounter in making the slide presentation? How did you overcome them? Power point presentation is very interesting to do because it easy to create it. Background and effects are already available. You can put pictures, effects, music and videos that will found in the internet. So far, there were no difficulties that I have encountered. FS 3 Technology in the LearningBrief Description of the material in the WebsiteThis site present difference tools and equipment in baking and other tools in kitchen and their uses. Evaluation of WebsiteStrengthIt is very informative. This site gave a lot of information in my topic. WeaknessesThe weakness of this site is you need to become a member to their organization to can access their essays or term papers.Your ReflectionThis episode tells us the importance roles of internet were you can find a lots of information about in your topic. And also informs us to b e aware to the reference of information because website leads to the bogus information.

The Regional Economic Integration

The Regional scotch IntegrationIntroductionRegional sparing consolidation has existed in most geographical kingdoms since the early days of the multi subsequental plow system. For example, the European Union was starting established as the European Economic Community through the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Latin America and Central America followed soon after with the formation of the Latin Ameri whoremaster forgo backing Association and the Central American Common Market in 1960. By 1965, regional integrating had in any case begun to take root in mating America with the conclusion of the Automobile Products Trade Agreement mingled with Canada and the United States. Regional economicalalal integration is both a process and a terra weta of affairs. Regional economic integration basically approaches a hierarchical model.Free trade ara involves the elimination of tariffs and quotas on goods. This is followed by a customs union, in which members of a free trade knowledge b ase also adopt a common external tariff. A common market is the next step and involves creating a single market, with common policies on product regulation and the free movement of goods, services and factors of production.To benefit from regional integration, on that point are various conditions which has to be fulfilled, they are political commitment of all countries, to higher forms of integration mutual economic dep kiboshence disparities amid countries of the region or narrow economic gaps similarities at the insurance policy level basically in human development and social policies destinationly, good g all overnance and institutions in put to maximize the benefits of economic integration. Regional economic integration generally leads to greater foreign forthwith coronation (FDI), financial and capital account liberalization, trade liberalization and migration of labour. A region made be regional integration mainly attracts foreign investment and it also reduce the rival ry betwixt the neighbouring regions.Regional Economic Integration in east AsiaIn the last two decades, the einsteinium Asian economies have achieved substantial liberalisation in Foreign Direct investment (FDI) under the frameworks of WTO and APEC. The result of the expansion of trade and FDI has accommodate the main reason for development and economic growth in east Asia. Trade and FDI yieldness has also encouraged domestic institutional and governance reforms, which has make headway promoted trade and investment. Since early 1990s, emerging East Asia has also experienced increasing financial openness. Financial openness helps in rapid economic growth by attracting short term capital and long term capital with trade and FDI openness, with deepened market driven economic interdependence in East Asia. It has been applied as valu sufficient comparative parameters due to a reckon of its significant characteristicsEast Asia is the world largest regional market of 2 billion populat ions, which is much bigger than the 27 countries of European Union contrisolelying 495 million and NAFTA contri unlessing 405 million populations.After 1960 East Asia has been record as the fastest growing region of the world. The region has recorded average annual economic growth rates of around 7%, which is much higher than that of the average 5% growth in the rest of the world.East Asia contents almost half of the worlds foreign ex transpose throws and in which mainland China alone recorded a world largest foreign qualify reserve which passed $1.4 trillion in 2007.Along with the European Union and the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), East Asia is one of the worlds three largest economically integrated regions.East Asia has been characterized by extensive economic integration at both regional and ball-shaped level. Commercial enterprises based in East Asian states particularly lacquer, but increasingly also emerging industrial states such as Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan have been at the forefront of processes of regional economic integration, and are increasingly classic contributors to global transnational research and development (RD) and production networks. China, a relative latecomer to transnational economic collaboration, is an increasingly prominent participant both regionally and global as well, as it undergoes a transition from a site for low value added assembly and production to advanced production. Regional economic integration in East Asia is nonable not only for its extent, but also for the degree to which it transcends the economic and politico military rivalries of the states concerned. The pattern of East Asian economic integration reflects relatively little concern over economic objectives stemming from the perceived requirements of national security or intra regional economic competition. The most striking example of this is provided by China and Taiwan, which have managed to develop an extensive and mutually bene ficial economic relationship, despite their long standing rivalry.Achievements of Regional Economic Integration in East AsiaThe prospect of regional economic integration plays a cocksure role in East Asia after initiating in United States and some other western countries. pursual are the some of the achievements of regional economic integration in East Asia which can be the proof that East Asia is gathering pace.(i) ASIAN Free Trade AreaASIAN is the important foundation for regional integration in East Asia. This was the first ever regional economic integration of East Asia. It does not affect the intra ASEAN trade and also the regions overall trade with world. The change came in 1992 when ASEAN achieved establish agreement on free trade area in order to help its neighbouring economies to achieve growth in trade. The main aim of ASEAN is to attract investors from foreign and regional as well. Multinational corporations locating in ASEAN would be able to exploit economies of sca le and to rationalize production by allocating different segments of production processes among the ASEAN countries according to their respective competitive advantage. He tariff is reduced to 0 5% till 2008 for ASEAN. ASEAN also conduct various agreements focused on enhancing regional integration in transport and communications, trade facilitation, investment, e commerce and intellectual office rights.(ii) Free Trade AgreementRegional Economic Integration in the form of Free Trade Areas has come into existence in the Asia Pasic region. Growing number of bilateral and plurilateral FTAs involving such countries as Japan, China, Singapore, Korea, Canada, New Zealand, Mexico and Chile are currently being negotiated. Significantly, this trend is gathering momentum not much because of a change of sentiments in some of the countries in the region like Japan, China and Korea, which have been strongly opposed to preferential arrangements in the ultimo.In the various Asian countries an im portant breakthrough was achieved when Japan and Singapore agreed in October 2000 to begin negotiations on a bilateral FTA with a view to concluding the talks by the end of 2001. These results to be gained a little by both countries which already have open investment region, minimum tariff and little trade in the area of agriculture. The important features of Japan and Singapore free Trade Area are establishing the harmonisation of legal frameworks, mutual recognisation of certification authorities for digital signature and twinned corporate privacy standard. With the help of FTA many another(prenominal) Japanese firms find it easier to run their operations in Singapore. This FTA ordain not only benefit these two signatories but will also have positive effect on various other countries of East Asia. Japan Singapore FTA is also important because it is the first institutionalised link between North East Asian economies and South East Asian economies. It is therefore has a potentia lly positive demonstration effect that could change state closer economic integration in East Asia as a whole. Many times the idea of East Asia FTA was failed few years back. But later East Asia Free Trade Area showed a great pace and attributed not only Japan Singapore FTA but also change the side of other East Asian countries like China. With the successful launch of Japan Singapore FTA, China also mulish either creates a free trade zone between China and ASEAN to set up link with the ASEAN Free Trade Area.(iii) ASEAN plus threeUnlike other more established regional groupings, cooperation among the ASEAN+3 (i.e. ASEAN plus China, Japan and Korea) thus far has been proceeding more rapidly on financial issues than on trade matters. So for this purpose it is decided to call for a summit on an annual basis which can be a kind of informal meeting. The aim of these summits is to set up the stack to explore ideas for cooperation and has also been holding regular meetings of its Fin ance Ministers. Trade agreements in East Asia are basically slow to organize as in other regions partly and politically difficult to reach because of the diversity in approaches to trade liberalization. Financial cooperation can proceed more quickly to some extent without diversity against outsiders. For this purpose, the financial crisis in 1997 provided a strong impetus for East Asia to push ahead with financial cooperation. ASEAN+3 have also implemented a region wide system of notes swaps to help countries in the region which are dealing with possible future financial crises. This currency swap system will helps in the surveillance mechanism that ASEAN has created to anticipate and head off future crises through sophisticated early warning indicators. These achievements are the positive sign that shows the barely growth in the region of East Asia after facing financial crisis in 1997.Impact of Regional Economic Integration Case from ChinaSince antiquated China has the hegemon ic power in the East Asian region with good relation with neighbouring countries. East Asian region was also influenced by Chinese traditionalistic culture including language and philosophies. Till mid 9th coulomb China has still the largest economy in the world but after mid 19th century till early 20th century China was overwhelmed by static decay, civil instability, famines, military defeats and foreign occupation. During the Cold War period, Chinas social experiments achieved some progresses but suffered serious setbacks due to the internal and external constraints. Since China started the economic reform in late 1970s, the world witnesses the return of Chinas emergence as a regional and global political and economic power.China attracted various large foreign firms when it adopted the open door policy and large amount of foreign currency inflows into China this was not enough after this many industries with latest technology and better infrastructure have established in China . Taking the example of Hong Kong, it has move almost all of its manufacturing industries to China while. In recent years Taiwan and Mainland China are also came into economic relation after China open doors for foreign investments. Due to the shift of these firms the growth of country as well as firm are culmination into existence. In terms of intra regional economic relations in East Asia, since the 1990s there has been a shift away from the previous Japan led flying geese model of vertical economic integration structured on the basis of the Japanese investment, technological transfer and supply of manufacturing parts in line with a hierarchical market exchange and regional division of labour and production networks to a new horizontal intra regional economic integration. Economic integration helps China to grow in positive way in terms of economy and trade which makes Asia to make stand in the competition with authentic nations of EU and NAFTA. The new engine of regional econo mic growth in China is basically by foreign direct investment which becomes the reason for the developments in the region. It generated networks between domestic firms and other firms in the other countries. This network based exchange of trade and capital has profound impact to East Asian economic integration. One of the key actors in generating dynamic intra regional industrial and economic integrations is the overseas Chinese fear communities. Economic integration not only contributing Chinas economy to grow by the sources of foreign direct investment but also contributes to be a network connector which becomes link between Chinese market with rest of the region. With this link many of the developed economies in the region are using China as low cost manufacturing and export base instead of directly exporting finished goods to the Hesperian markets. For this purpose they moved there production in China which results in enhancing the Chinas integration in the regional economy in East Asia. Main factors of these firms in regards to regional integration with China because China act as a source of technology and expertise, Capital and it also brings close business relation between China and rest of the region.The rise of China has met different responses from different corners of the world. With the rapid economic growth due to the regional integration has transformed the Asia in many ways. Talking in economical and political terms Chinas energy and commercial ties with all major regions of the world are expanding. China is one of the main brainish forces proliferating regional and bilateral trade agreements and politically, it is often interpreted that China seeks to shape the regions emerging political institutional contours and to encourage movement toward an East Asian partnership in order to balance the declining influence of the United States.Growth prospects and challenges of China Japan Business AllianceWhile Japan poses a formidable competitive thr eat, it also provides a vast opportunity. As the latter aspect of Chinas rise became increasingly apparent around 2002, Chinas perception of Japan became more realistic and balanced. Japans investment in China has been increasing rapidly in recent years between 1999 and 2004 it grew by 3.5 times. And trade between the two countries has risen steadily over the last six years. Japan China business alliances have begun to cover broader aspects of business activities, from joint ventures and technology tie ups, to contracting aspects of production and consignment arrangements. Although there have been a limited number of examples, Japanese firms have even established comprehensive strategic partnerships with Chinese firms. With major and big Japanese firm small manufacturing firms are also looking towards China as locating their business and with better opportunities with future expansion. But for the successful business alliance between China and Japan, these countries have to work tog ether for several challenges which can become the issue in their alliances1). There must a rule passed to secure the refuge of Japanese firms operating in China and concluding a bilateral investment agreement. The large scale anti Japan demonstrations in China this past April damaged the facilities of some Japanese firms. And while the movement was promptly cooled by the Chinese government, a survey conducted in May following the April disturbances revealed that more than a third (or 36.5%) of respondent firms anticipate the negative impact on their business activities in this fiscal year. For further Japanese FDI in China in future, a bilateral investment agreement needs to be put in place. There is some cautious concern on the Chinese side almost concluding such an agreement, but thinking of future technological cooperation between both countries should take a forward looking approach.2). Another issue between both countries can be regarding the credit. Both China and Japan have to work together to build more credit based business culture. For urban economies to achieve healthy growth, the safety of business transactions must be guaranteed. Various business models can only be fostered in an economy where business transactions are secured and mutual trust is well established. A large number of foreign companies operating in China, however, face difficulties in collecting monies owed to them. This is also a looming issue for Chinese companies, because such problems can hinder future stable economic growth in urban areas, where many of these companies operate. China can resolve this problem by swiftly establishing an antitrust law and also enhancing law enforcement, clamping down on illegal transactions and improving corporate transparency. Japan also faced these issues during its high economic growth in the 1960s.3). With getting the tough competition and being a rival for some years China and Japan are now understand the importance of come into alliance for the future growth, so for this purpose now Japanese and Chinese firms are coming into collaboration. Some local Chinese companies have recently begun to actively seek business partnerships with Japanese counterparts. In January 2002, Japans Sanyo galvanising Co. Ltd. (Sanyo) and Chinas Haier Group Company (Haier) agreed on a comprehensive collaboration deal some local Chinese companies have recently begun to actively seek business partnerships with Japanese counterparts. In January 2002, Japans Sanyo Electric Co. Ltd. (Sanyo) and Chinas Haier Group Company (Haier) agreed on a comprehensive collaboration deal that included the sale of Sanyo products under either the Sanyo or the Haier brand names. In July 2003, a major Chinese pharmaceutical company announced an agreement with a medium sized Japanese manufacturer of Chinese medicines to purchase the latter, the first case ever for a Chinese company to buy a Japanese one. These are the few example which shows that Chinese companies provides Japanese company with statistical distribution channel to sell their products in Chinese market and grow their business.ConclusionEast Asia will enter the second stage of economic integration by around 2008, when the whole region will aspire to become a free business zone, encompassing all regional FTAs and EPAs, including the FTA/EPA between China and Japan. However, in order to make talks for such an agreement go smoothly, China and Japan must build a firm mutual trust, both on political and private levels. Recent developments and achievements suggest that East Asia is finally coming around to giving more serious consideration to regional economic integration either as a complement or an alternative to the multilateral trading system. As discussed above, the economic grounds for closer economic integration among the East Asian countries have existed for many years. Rapid economic development over the past few decades, reinforced by changes in the global economic purlieu and an uncertain outlook for the international trading system, appears to have convinced the East Asian countries that potential benefits of closer regional economic cooperation outweigh the costs at least for now.

Elucidating the p53 Signalling Network by Reverse Genetics

Elucidating the p53 Signalling Network by Reverse GeneticsReiyyan Tariq NizamiAimIn my research project I am working with four distinguishable strains Caenorhabditis elegans. I have been performing a double mutant screen using an RNAi knockout library. Cep-1 is a protein that causes apoptosis due to DNA damage in the louse. The cep-1 protein is an ortholog of the human tumor suppressor protein p53, which is found mutated in many fagcerous cells. The aim of my experiment is to find genes that are regulators of cep-1 which cause deadlyity if mutated with cep-1. Alternatively mutants which are lethal as genius mutants but survive as double mutants in combination with a cep-1 mutant are also probable genes of interest. These mutants have the potential to be regulated by drugs/proteins to change the levels of cep-1 and induce/prevent apoptosis in cells.BackgroundCancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell rea trammelg in our body. Under normal conditions a cell has regulatory proteins and check points that make real that a cell is growing at the right railyard and if for any reason the cell starts to grow irregularly and then(prenominal) these proteins stop the cell growth and cause apoptosis. Apoptosis is the programmed death of a cell, as you can imagine it is tightly regulated and red of regulation can result in catastrophe for the cell and the organism. When apoptosis is everywhere active, healthy cells will transcend and this is often seen in diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, hematologic diseases and many other tissue damage diseases. Loss of apoptosis in turn results in cancers, autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases.P53 is a tumor suppressor protein that was discovered in 1979. Since then a lot of research has been done into p53 and its functions. P53 is a tumor suppressor protein that is complex in defense of the cell. It is jauntd when a cell undergoes many various kinds of stress, such as DNA damage, hypoxia, metabolic stress and oncogene activation. It is one of the more or less important barriers to cancer in many mammals. P53 works in many various parcels, primarily p53 is involved in binding to transcription factors that then activate pathways involved in cellular defense, such as preventing angiogenesis and cellular growth.Malfunctioning p53 is one of the greatest hallmarks of cancer. The majority of mutations found in p53 are due to single nucleotide substitutions in the amino acids of the DNA binding domain of the protein. Similar cancerous phenotypes are observed when either p53 loses function due to a loss of function mutation or when negative regulators of p53 are overactive or positive regulators of p53 lose their function. However p53 is quite unique amongst tumor suppressor proteins because antithetic missense mutations in the protein can cause different levels of p53 activity and hence have varying effects on the host. The effect of the mutation is further modified depending on the gene tic background of the person with the mutation.Due to the different effects of various amino acid substitutions and the varying genetic background of patients it is quite difficult to weigh large populations. This is because high- throughput sequencing and genome wide single nucleotide polymorphism maps are expensive to obtain. The prices are going down as new technologies are becoming useable however until now there have been no larger scale studies relating different mutations to varying levels of risks for different types of cancers. It is also hard to perform molecular studies on entire humans and so research is done on cell lines, mice and on cep-1 the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of p53.Caenorhabditis elegans is a worm in the nematodes phylum. They are a very well-studied organism due to their ease of study. C. Elegans are one of the simplest organisms that have a nervous system and that make them a very good model organism for nervous studies. They are transparent creatu res and so many molecular and cellular processes especially those involved in development have been thoroughly researched. They have a hornswoggle generation time and are very cheap to maintain. They are an extremely good model organism for performing screens because any of their nonessential genes can be knocked out easily by using RNAi.The cep-1/p53 pathway is highly conserved throughout evolution as it is an extremely important pathway that is essential for cellular survival over time.The cep-1 protein works through the followers pathway to cause apoptosis in cells suffering DNA damage.Cep-1 Egl-1/Ced-13 Ced-9 Ced-4 Ced-3 ApoptosisA similar pathway is observed in humansp53 BH3 Bcl2 Apaf1 Caspase ApoptosisA majority of these proteins are orthologs to one another. It was hoped that through my screen further proteins which interact with Cep-1 would be found and then their orthologs in humans could be found and then researched and targeted to regulate p53.Materials and Me thodsThe experiment in itself was an extremely simple but time consuming experiment. Screens were performed with mutant worm strains which were then fed RNAi, through Escherichia coli (E. coli), to silence the gene of interest and create double mutants.To begin with a molten screen is preferred over a solid screen. This is because with a liquid screen you can screen a larger sample of double mutants more easily than a solid screen. liquifiable ScreenThe following strains of bacteria and worms were utilized, E. Coli OP50, C. Elegans N2, C. Elegans GK138, C. Elegans LG12501.E. Coli OP50 Food source for C. ElegansC. Elegans N2 Wild type wormsC. Elegans GK138 Cep-1 Mutant wormsC. Elegans LG12501 Cep-1 Mutant wormsRNAi Knockout library for C. Elegans Chromosome 1Day 1 turn over worms on Nematode Growth Medium (NGM) plates with OP50 as a food source for the worms.Day 3Bleach worms that were plated on day 1 so as to only have eggs remaining on plates.Bend glass rod into L shape us ing a high temperature blaze (Bunsen burner)Pipette make white onto plates with worms on them and gently scrape the surface to mix worms and eggs with bleachPipette fluid into Eppendorf tube and spin at sludge speed for 3 minutes take away most of the fluid and keep as much of the pellet as possibleSuspend pellet with bleachRepeat steps 3 and 4Suspend pellet using M9 firmness of purpose centrifugate at high speed for 1 minuteAspirate most of the fluid and keep as much of the pellet as possibleRepeat 7 and 8Suspend pellet using M9 solution and vortex Eppendorf tube at low speed to mix solutionPlace Eppendorf tubes in slow rocker in a 20 fridge overnight to allow eggs to hatchDay 4Replicate bacteria containing RNAi from knockout library using a sterile 96 pin replication tool into a 96 well containing Liquid Broth (LB) with Ampicillin and allow the bacteria to replicate overnight at 37C in an brooderInduce transcription of RNAi using adding 0.1 Molar IPTG into swell and postal service in a shaker for 1 hour.Pellet bacteria by centrifuging in a cold centrifuge at 5C for 5 minutes at 2,500 gRemove the supernatant by flipping over the well quickly but carefully so as to keep pelleted bacteria in the wellsSuspend bacterial pellet in wells using NGMPipette worms into wells and place in 37C shakerDay 8Remove worms from shaker gently making sure not to tilt the 96 well platesObserve and record phenotype of the worms correspond phenotype mingled with the 3 different strains of wormsLeave worms in 20C fridge overnightDay 9Remove worms from fridge gently making sure not to tilt the 96 well platesObserve and record phenotype of the wormsCompare phenotype from previous dayCompare phenotype between the 3 different strains of wormsSequencing afterward potential hits were found in the liquid screen the RNAi from these bacteria were epochd to ensure that the sequence of the RNAi was correct and hadnt randomly mutated over time. RNAi was prepared by using a Qiagen mini prep spin kit.Suspend bacteria in 250 l Buffer P1 and place in a microcentrifuge tubeMix 250 l Buffer P2 and shake the miscellanea by flipping tube over a few timesTo the mixture add 350 l N3 buffer, mix well quicklyCentrifuge at 13000 rpm for ten minutesAspirate supernatant into new tubeCentrifuge again for a roughly 1 minute and discard the flow throughWash spin column with 0.5 ml PB buffer and centrifuge for 1 minute, discard flow throughWash spin column with 0.75 ml PE buffer and centrifuge for 1 minuteDiscard flow through and centrifuge at maximum speed for 1 minutePlace prep column in a sterilized 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube take 50 l of water to prep spin column and allow to rest for 1 minute after which centrifuge for 1 minuteAfter the Qiagen miniprep is complete the tubes were sent for sequencing to The Centre for Applied Genomics where it was sequenced and results were obtained within a week.Solid ScreenSolid screens were performed on genes which were found to have increa sed lethality with cep-1 deletion or increased survivability with cep-1 deletion.The following strains of bacteria and worms were utilized, E. coli OP50, C. Elegans N2, C. Elegans TG12E. Coli OP50 Food source for C. ElegansC. Elegans N2 Wild type wormsC. Elegans TG12 Cep-1 Fluorescent tagged (GFP) wormsC. Elegans Ned-8 Positive controlC. Elegans HT115 Negative controlRNAi Knockout library for C. Elegans Chromosome 1Day 1)Streak RNAi bacteria of interest from RNAi Library to obtain single colonies. Allow them to grow overnight in 37C incubatorDay 2)Pick and grow a single colony in 5 ml of LB + Amp + Tet overnight in a 37C shakerDay 3)Add 0.1M IPTG for 4 hours to induce RNAiPlate 100 l of induced bacteria on RNAi plates incubate at 37C incubator overnightDay 4)Pick 5 worms at the same stage and plate onto RNAi platesAllow to grow over 4 age at 20CDay 8)Score phenotypes and compared between different strainsDay 9)Score phenotypes again on next day and compare between differen t strains and the previous dayFluorescent MicroscopyWe used a Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy to observe localization of cep-1 in TG12 worms. Worms were mounted using the following methodPlace a drop or two of hot liquid agarose onto microscope slideImmediately place a second slide perpendicularly on top of the agaroseAllow agarose to settle for one to three minutesGently slide off second slide so as to go out an agarose patch behindAdd a drop of 1mM Levamisole to paralyze worms and prevent their movementPick worms and place them on the slideSlowly place coverslip on top of worms, be very gentleOnce prepared the slides were observed using a DIC microscope to find any irregularities in the localization or occur of cep-1 in the worms, especially in the germline and the eggs.ResultsThe aim of this experiment was to find genes that cause lethality as double mutants with cep-1 mutants but not in wild type worms, these genes would be positive regulators of cep-1 and cause apoptosis through cep-1. The screen was also designed to find worms that cause lethality in wild type worms but not in cep-1 mutants, these would be negative regulators of cep-1 and cause apoptosis through cep-1.The results were gathered and tabulated to allow for an easier and better analysis of data.Note There is a lot of data and so only data that is relevant is shown.Liquid Screen ResultsLegendL = Synthetic LethalE = Embryonic LethalG = Slow GrowthB = Egg laying abnormal R = No RNAi C = Contamination A = Larval Arrest S = Sterile V = Variable Morphology P = Lethal progeny W = No WormsCells of interest are highlightedChromosome 1 Plate 1N21357911131517192123ARGG/LLCA/CA/CERE/SGRRIS/LSRRRRKRRRRMRRRRSORRS/ERcep-1 (gk)1357911131517192123ARLC/LC/LG/ECG/SG/LC/LERE/SGRRIE/SE/SRRRRKRRRRMRG/ERRR/G/SORRSRcep-1 (lg)1357911131517192123ARC/LLLE/PCG/LGLERE/SGRRIS/BS/BRRRRKRRRRMRE/GRRRSORRS/ERChromosome 1 Plate 5N224681012141618202224ACEGEIEKRMRRROGRcep-1 (gk)24681012141618202224ACEGI EKRMRRRORcep-1 (lg)24681012141618202224ACEGIEKRMRRRORKey results of interest in liquid screenLethality in gk and lg but not in N2WellGeneN2gklgA23F53G12.5G/EE/PM03Y95B8A_85.hG/EE/GLethality in N2 but not in gk or lgWellGeneN2gklgG04F25H2.10ESolid Screen Results3 hits of interest were obtained from all the plates that were screened. These 3 hits were then repeated multiple times on solid media to make sure the results were accurate.N2lggkA23 -1A23 -2A23 -3N2lggkM03 -1EM03 -2EM03 -3N2lggkG04 -1LAG04 -2EG04 -3The M03 strain showed opposite results in the solid screen in comparison to the liquid screen. However since the results were consistent we decided to study both M03 and G04 under the microscope with fluorescent markers.Fluorescent microscopy resultsNo major mislocalization of GFP tagged cep-1 was found and no extra or lack of GFP tagged cep-1 was observe

The Neuropsychology Korsakoff Syndrome Psychology Essay

The Neuropsychology Korsakoff Syndrome Psychology EssayThis study is investigating on a specific unhurried (Mr C) whos suffering from Korsakoff syndrome. In this report, the case study indicates principally to remembering deficiency. The sequence of flatts in this case study is used to show the possibilities of side effects of chronic alcoholic drink abuse which is also known as Korsakoff syndrome. The literature review introduces the medical exam model of Korsakoff syndrome that is exhibited with particular attention that has a link to anterograde and retrograde amnesia. A variety of retentiveness screen outs were set for the patient role in order to provide more reliable diagnosis. The results from distinguishable studies were comp ared to the normative brain and Korsakoff patients to take on the standardizedity. Furthermore, after the results were undertaken the results shown a variety of scores which indicated that the patient inevitable boost treatments. Lastly, s uggestions for prevention and treatments damages that the patient may take a shit allow be presented.IntroductionIndicating to Mr Cs case study, the patient may have positive Korsakoff syndrome. Korsakoff syndrome is associated with Diencephalic Amnesia which is seen as neurological disease. Patients that are experiencing this condition are highly related to heavy alcohol consumptions over a very long consummation (Butterworth, 1989). Heavy alcohol is a public health problem with almost unity in four people in the UK reporting having had this problem at some point in their lives (Kessler, 1994). This study is based on Korsakoff syndrome thats faced by alcohol related issue which Mr C has intelligibly been taking nearly fractional of his flavour due to acquittance downhill during some time (Appendix 1). This is the reason patients may lead to obtaining the syndrome.This is based on biological grounds that heavy alcohol consumption may lead to thiamine deficiency which affe cts the brain and the nervous systems. People who drink excessive amount of alcohol may damage authorized area part within the brain, resulting serve short term stock loss where the patient constantly asks the same questions and repeats the same stories (Sergei Korsakoff, 1879). M whatever heavy drinkers have poor dieting problems which their body doesnt contain much vitamins, due to the fact that alcoholics spend time trying to replace high calories food with alcohol. This can cause a lot of complications in the patients body as the intestinal mucosa could be damaged by the alcohol which can lead to make it surd for the liver to store vitamins. Alcohol plays a role that interferes with the change of thiamine into the active form of vitamin which is known as thiamine pyrophosphate. Korsakoff syndrome inflames the stomach lining in your body that causes frequent vomiting, and make it harder for the body to absorb the main vitamins. Thiamine deficiency is a clear sign of the develo pment of Korsakoff syndrome. (Moselhy, Georgiou, Kahn, 2001).However, due to the biological evidence there are many symptoms that may appear suddenly within few days. The patients that have normal IQs are alert and attentive, appear motivated, and generally inadequacy other neurological signs of cerebral deficits such as abnormal EEGs. Most patients with Korsakoff syndrome have a deficit in visual-perception. Mr C has the same symptoms that occur in Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (1881). Although Sergei Korsakoff (1879) didnt take any notice to Wernickes work, he mentioned the existence of several of the same type of symptoms in his patients (Gudden, 1896). Wernicke suggested that genial confusion and eye movement disturbances were the primary symptoms and the firstly stage of Korsakoff Syndrome.As there is a well-knit indication of Korsakoff syndrome, the patients behaviour and symptoms has a big impact in the patients lifestyle. Change in personality (become unconcerned, missing of emotional reactions, talkative etc), confabulation (makeup instruction they cant remember), loss of muscle co-ordination when the patients balance is weak, storehouse loss (unable to recall information), and difficulty in obtaining new information or learning new skills (amnesia). (Spear, 2002).In addition, there are two types of well known form of amnesia (anterograde and retrograde) that play a role in Korsakoff syndrome which encounter chronic alcohol. Alcohol has shown various affective memory levels including semantic, prospective, explicit, episodic and implicit (Fama, 2006, dYdewalle Van Damme, 2007). Problems with the patients short term memory are a strong sign of support to the patients having Korsakoff syndrome due to the characteristic of the syndrome being severe and having memory loss which is a type of amnesia. The episodic and semantic memory of a patient with Korsakoff syndrome is the most affected characteristic, episodic refers to events from the persons pa st (going back in time) and semantic memories deal with knowledge of facts, language and concepts.In the terms of the retrograde memory, there are many tests that can mea genuine the aspects of memory used by significant events which had happened during the past year of the patients life. Remote Memory Impairment calculates the patients past history its a multiple choice questions test thats applied. This test measures if the patient can remember the past events that have occurred in their life. The questions are given to recall there memory and testing there memory stage of their life for example about time and place of their birth, age, names of schools they attended, etc. (Cohen Sqauire, 1981).As for anterograde memory, is a different memory aspect to the retrograde test. There is a different Remote Memory Impairment test that would be given to patients which measures there memory on recalling famous faces and words. Patients leave be quantifyed on famous face recognition, ide ntification and naming, and famous name recognition and identification. Overall the results will show an indication to a minimal outline of preserved remote memory with evidence of an association between remote memory performance and decision making functioning in the patients brain. (Albert, 1981).Furthermore assessments can be also applied for the patients who are suffering from Korsakoff syndrome. Wechsler Adult Intelligence home base (WAIS) can be applied which is quiet common, to assess the patients intelligence it measures the verbal and nonverbal abilities of adults. The assessment has been revised over the recent years the person scoring it would look to see if there are any differences between the verbal and non verbal sections. If there is any big difference between the two sections will indicate to learning problem. (David Wechsler, 1955).The aim of this study that is going to be carried out by several tests, the patient is experiencing done mental deficits from Korsako ff syndrome. A small amount of tests will be given to the patient to see if the symptoms displayed by the patient are the same as the symptoms of someone who is suffering from Korsakoff syndrome. Overall, if the patient is found with any complications regarding any condition, further action and preventions measures will be recommended to improve the patients lifestyle.MethodDesign- This experiment is a case study base (Appendix 1).Participants-Mr C, as an only one patient that is being assessed in this study, the participant is one perceived to be suffering from Korsakoff syndrome, which displays many symptoms related to his case study (Appendix 1).Materials- the tests that are going to be taking place areRemote memory assessments-Famous faces test- have to indentify 150 photographs of famous people (anterograde amnesia)Past event test- multiple choice test, 88 events questions (retrograde amnesia).Weschler Adult intelligence scale (WAIS) Working memory index Arithmetic, Digit span and Letter-Number Sequencing.California Verbal schooling (CVLT)Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)- assessment of memory function, supplementary memory questions should be asked, e.g. about recent news, family or personal events.Implementation- These tests are being used on the patient due to find out if the patient has any mental deficits issues and any complications he might have in his everyday life. Before taking the tests, the patient will be required to be sober from alcohol for a period of time, to ensure that there were no effects which might cause cognitive issues on the results. Results from all the tests as described in the substantial section are compared to similar case studies that have been diagnosed with Korsakoff syndrome as well as a healthy normative control group. It will be compared between both group controls to provide rationale of the patients conditions.ResultsSource (tests)NormativeKorsakoff patientControlIndentify famous faces (anterograde amnesia)411538.188 multiple choice questions on past events (retrograde amnesia)704641.1Working memory index (WAIS)10856.755California Verbal Learning (CVLT)13212Memory Scale (WMS)321226The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)242.63.1Findings the patients with Korsakoff syndrome have diencephalic lesions indentified.Remote memory assessmentIndentify famous faces (anterograde amnesia)- The famous faces identification assessment clearly shows the patients performance appeared to be weak which the patient scored 15, compared to the normative scoring 41. This may be due to primarily to loss of semantic knowledge regarding famous persons. quadruplicate choice questions on past events (retrograde amnesia)- patient has shown similar remote memory impairment in Korsakoff syndrome might reflect to anterograde amnesia. Mr C may be going through nerve breakdown.Working memory index (WAIS)the results show the Korsakoff patient impairment within the episodic and working memory . the control and Korsakoff scoring has displayed similar scorings of episodic and working memory deficits. this shows similar patterns of brain damage compared to the normative score. the technique was overall was found not to be significant.California Verbal Learning (CVLT)the recalling tests showed the patientsMemory Scale (WMS)the patient scoring was not significant which shows in the results of 12, the results shows the control scoring were higher than the patients score.Mini mental state examinationThe test that was undertaken by the patients was used to screen for cognitive impairment to help to screen for global confusion which Mr C has. the scores show he defiantly has memory disorder if you see the comparison to the normative scoring of 24 and the patients scoring shows 2.6 which is really low. it has shows that he failed the MMSE recall item. the results has clearly displayed impairments of episodic memory, recollection, contextual memory and retrieval.sermonBased on the overall results, there is a strong indication that Mr C has Korsakoff syndrome. The patients test performances show that there are impairments in memory in Mr C compared to the normative results. The results showed a clear evidence for the typical mental deficits associated with Korsakoff syndrome. Furthermore, to help the patient to overcome the symptoms there should be a variety of techniques which could be used to try to reduce the symptoms that the patient is experiencing, which may be based on therapies which have shown positive beneficial to the condition.To minimise the symptoms there are types of medical drugs that could be given to the patient in order to help them reduce the side effects of mental deficits that the patient may be going through due to Korsakoff syndrome. Due to Mr C vomiting he will need to take IV Thiamine tipsiness plenty water right away, even though the improvement is a slow process he will need to change his diet along with it. This is found to give i mprovements in the memory deficits that may have caused by the condition particularly if the patient who have memory deficits due to alcohol.Likewise, if the patient wouldnt like to take any medication they will have to change their diet. This might be the prevention that caused nerve damage to the patient which has stated above its due to thiamine deficiency. Healthy lifestyle includes drinking alcohol only within a safe recommendation amount (up to 3-4 units a day for men, and 2-3 units a day for women). Eating a balance will help the patient by eating, whole grain, vegetables and wheat which may lead to preventing further memory loss (Hillbom, 2006) it could improve memory, cognitive impairment and confusion in Korsakoff patients.In addition, the most effective method of preventing Korsakoff syndrome is to avoid vitamin/thiamine B deficiency. In the western countries, the most common causes of mental deficits are due to utmost(prenominal) alcohol and weight disorders. Thus, requ iring preventing this companies that sell alcoholic beverages to supplement them with B vitamin/thiamine would avoid many cases of Korsakoff.In conclusion, the patient has shown to have Korsakoff syndrome which he had a qualified amount of memory deficits within himself that show adequate evidence of Korsakoff syndrome. This report shows describes the most effective and practical way of controlling the condition at the present time and providing improvements to the patients lifestyle, it leads to variety of assessments. FurtherStill, there are several criticism associated with memory assessments which have been used in this study, it may not be perfectly reliable to diagnose the patient, therefore it may be wise to administer further testing on the patient throughout their life to make sure the he is accurately diagnosed of the conditions. It is very often falls to the psychiatrist to coordinate care for the patients, a psychiatrist is highly recommended for Mr C to follow-up, arr ange placement, and assess further tests when necessary. GP will be there supporting the patients and families. Long-term outcomes have been studied previous patients are reported to have a normal life expectancy if they remain sober from alcohol (Leenane, 1986).

Essay --

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in Cupertino, California founded apple Inc. in 1976 (Glen Sanford 1996). The two initiative just created Apple Computers in the opening and as their company became more successful, they branched out to other types of electronics such as laptops, various musical devices, computer software, and e-book compatible machines. Apple Inc was started because both Jobs and Wozniak had constantly been interested in electronics throughout their lives. Wozniak was class of the creation since he was interested in computer-design. Jobs was the one who encouraged Wozniak to sell the computer to see what would happen. On April 1, 1976 the first Apple Computer was created. The organizational chart of Apple Inc. includes three key elements which are centralization, span of tally, and departmentalization. Centralization is defined as the foundation of power and control which in this case is the CEO of the company, Timothy D. Cook. The next part of the organizational chart is the span of control it refers to the add of people a manager overlooks (BUSN 235). Since Apple Inc. is a rather large corporation there are numerous managers who overlook lower-ranking employees in the office. There is not a specified amount of employees that are assigned to one particular manager. It is based on what the strengths and weaknesses are of the manager and subordinates, the workload, as well as the location of the staff members (235). The last part of the organizational chart is departmentalization the breakdown of employees into rational groups such as functional, product, and geographical, customer, and process (235). The ones that apply to Apple is functional, product, and geographical. Functional departmentalization involves separat... ...se and they would not have been prepared for it. Also, to stay on top, companies must have to have a secure global database and Apple does not. Their jobs are mostly concentrated in the United States and then the parts t o carry the products are made and constructed overseas. Since I could not find a definitive mission statement, they will eventually have one set instead of having a list of achievements passing as their mission statement. A recommendation I would give to Apple is to create products that are cheaper because then more products would be sold. some other recommendation would be to construct offices that are around the world making products that are related to that particular countrys needs and satisfaction. I as well as agree with Shaughnessy about making Apples product market more elaborate and varied as well as to focus on the future instead of in the present.

Collaborative Selling :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Collaborative SellingOn March 11, 1998 I attended a trounce held by John Littleson in Vineland NJ.The topic of his lecture was cooperative Selling. In which he presented the six best ways to increase sells. John is a multi millionaire he owns eight new car dealerships, two boat dealerships and several properties through out South Jersey. Target The first gait is a marketing need understand exactly what the product/service is and identify the specific markets that can best use it. This is done on a company level in their marketing plan and should be done by individual salespeople as well. It takes some time, but careful planning focuses effort and provides a greater renovation on time and money invested. Collaborative salespeople know they must concentrate onProspects who have a high probability of buying. Contact The first step after(prenominal) targeting a market is to contact them in a cost-effective and professional way. Naturally, this would be some combination of le tter, phone, and personal contact. The right combination of contacting strategies ensures that collaborative salespeople create high-perceived value before they call on their prospects. When contact is made, collaborative salespeople set the stage for a cooperative, working relationship. They convey their desire to explore inevitably and opportunities. They build credibility and trust. They express their sincere desire to be of service, and they make their competitive advantages known without jumping into a presentation. Explore In this stage of the collaborative sales process, salespeople convey the message Lets explore your business situation to see if there are need to fulfill or opportunities on which to capitalize. During the explore stage, collaborative salespeople conduct research, meet with their prospects frequently, and do whatever it takes to become an expert on their prospects business. The give-and-take relationship thatDevelops sets the stage for in-depth explora tion of options that may culminate in a sale. Collaborative salespeople make it clear that they want to help, not just make a sale. If, after information-gathering, collaborative salespeople find that their products are not appropriate for their prospects, which is unconvincing due to their careful target marketing, they will forego the sale, but have made a friend and businessContact. Collaborate It is at this point after an in-depth exploration of a prospects situation that collaborative salespeople talk about their products or services.