Air Conditioner Controller :: essays research papers

1. INTRODUCTION Today, thanks to the advancement in the field of electronics, most of the manually controlled systems are getting replaced with sophisticated electronic circuits with intelligent controlls. These circuits are capable of monitoring, analyzing and controlling the systems. In earlier days these electronic circuits were fabricated around discrete hardware components such as transistors, logic ICs etc that made the system bulky and costly. Also since the component count was more the failure rate was also more. But now due to the introduction of single chip microcontrollers, the hardware part was drastically reduced; so also the cost and size of the hardware has come down to a large extent. As a result almost all of the control circuits are designed over single chip microcontrollers. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SCOPE OF THE PROJECT The primary objective of this project is to make a simple circuitry for Air conditioner controller. This circuitry is based on the state of the art technology of Microcontrollers .The features of the project is has given below 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Facility to set the temperature using a potentiometer. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Display indicates the temperature – both the set value and the actual value. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An indication when the set range is beyond limits. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The system turns ON the Air conditioner when the set temperature. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A mode selector switch is provided to select between SET MODE and RUN MODE. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the SET mode is selected the display indicates the set value. When RUN mode is selected the display indicates the actual room temperature. The whole circuitry works on 230V AC. From this a series regulator is designed to derive +5V regulated supply for the microcontroller part. The circuitry is based on the popular microcontroller Atmel 89S8252 The project consists of necessary software and hardware for implementing the above function. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BLOCK SCHEMATIC OF THE PROJECT The figure below shows the block schematic of the project. This consists of the following. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Power Supply Unit 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Microcontroller Unit 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Potentiometer For Temperature Set. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Temperature Sensor Circuit 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Display Circuit 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Relay Driver Circuit It also consists of the following indications 1. Temperature Display on seven segment Display (2 digit) 2. A set range out indication. The circuit turns on a relay when the set temperature is less than the room temperature. This relay turns ON the Air Conditioner. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  STUDY OF MICROCONTROLLER This project makes use of a microcontroller-based circuitry for decision making such as password checking and device control. The microcontroller used here is microchip make PIC series IC 16F870. a. Microprocessors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A microprocessor, as the term has come to be known, is a general- purpose digital computer central processing unit (CPU).

Hamlet †Act 3 Scene 2 Essay

In this scene, staged in the Great Hall of Elsinore, Hamlet’s cunning plan to determine his uncle’s guilt comes together. Hiring players to act out a play based on his father’s death (as his father’s ghost described it), he awaits Claudius’ reaction. The whole point of this is Hamlet putting to rest his insecurity over the matter, once he discovers for certain Claudius did murder his father and was the snake in the orchard, only then can Hamlet feel at rest and kill him. This scene is one of the many examples throughout the play which demonstrates one of many weaknesses in Hamlet’s personality, in which he comes across as immensely pensive and unsure about nearly everything. The significance of the scene is evident in that both Hamlet and Claudius plotting each others death begins here. For Hamlet as he is now finally at ease with what his father’s ghost told him earlier in the play, thus he can now kill his uncle without any remorse and for Claudius as he is now alarmed to the fact Hamlet is aware of his crime. Although this scene shows a negative side to Hamlet, we also get a glimpse of Hamlet as an intellectual. He takes role as an authority on acting, advising that the actors should use moderation and not to excess (even though this is a contradiction in sense – as his relentless verbal assault to Ophelia earlier in the play suggests). There is reason to believe that it is in fact Shakespeare himself shining through Hamlet in this scene, commenting on acting flaws such as ‘overacting’, corpsing (dramatic term for inadvertently laughing whilst in character) and the unpredictability of an audience. Also worth mentioning here is the player’s speech. Throughout the play, the actors speak in rhyme depending on the character they take the role as. Giving an indication to the audience of their class, as prose is an indication of lower social status. A character such as a king or queen however, use blank verse in this sense. Hamlet’s antic disposition is evident throughout the play and it is used to full effect in this scene. After briefing the players on their task for the stage, Claudius, Gertrude, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Polonius and his daughter Ophelia enter the Great Hall. What follows is what I’d interpret as an ‘amusing’ parody where Hamlet throws verbal daggers at everyone in range, the aim of this is to once again remind the group that he is insane, but also reveals some true feelings towards certain individuals. He begins by intentionally misunderstanding Claudius’ greeting and states that his earlier promise of Hamlet succeeding him is ’empty air’ or untrue. Gertrude’s invitation to Hamlet for him to sit with her is also answered with an insult (possibly a misleading hint to Hamlet’s Oedipus complex), this time remarking that his mother’s appearance is appalling or as he put it; â€Å"Here’s metal more attractive.†Polonius is next and branded â€Å"Brutus† and a fool, cleverly Hamlet achieves this using puns of â€Å"brute† and â€Å"calf†. Ophelia, however comes off worst for wear in my opinion. Hamlet’s verbal treatment of his love interest is cruel and filled with crude jokes with the main theme of sex. The references to Ophelia’s ‘nothing’ (her genitalia) and ‘country matters’ (sexual intercourse) is without a shadow of a doubt, arguably the funniest part of the play, although Shakespeare’s obsession with these jokes are evident throughout the whole play. Horatio on the other hand, is trusted by Hamlet, not only has he confided in Horatio about the ghost’s words and his plan to see if Claudius reveals his guilt, but the usually ‘insecure’ Prince has actually included his best friend in the scheme. This shows Hamlet’s respect and trust for his friend is deep, a point I picked up whilst reading the play. This scene with Hamlet’s antic disposition in full view is not only amusing as mentioned, but also dramatic. It’s this unstable and sometimes unpredictable nature of Hamlet which makes him such an interesting character and one that has been looked upon as one of Shakespeare’s greatest achievements, I agree. His antic disposition is clearly visible as he switches tones throughout the conversation with his uncle, mother and the ‘fair Ophelia’. One minute calm and collected towards Polonius showing interest in his acting past, the next at the throat of his uncle’s loyal terrier – branding him a fool. If I was in charge of staging this scene, I wouldn’t change many of the features used in the awesome film version of the play (‘Hamlet’ – Franco Zeffirelli 1991), with Mel Gibson spectacularly playing the part of Hamlet. In this version, Hamlet is portrayed in this scene as ‘on edge’ and manic, Claudius on the other hand plays laid back and immune to Hamlet’s tongue and Glenn Close as Gertrude comes across not only naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, but confused by Hamlet’s behaviour. The significance of positioning the characters in this scene contributes a great deal to how it is interpreted, in my opinion putting Claudius at the forefront would be a good start and positioning Gertrude on the arm of her husband with directly Hamlet in front of them both would also make sense. Polonius and Ophelia would also be positioned together, although I’m unsure of having their arms linked. Hamlet’s ‘friends’ from university, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern could be placed behind these two pairings, still in view but not as much so as the King, Queen, their adviser and his ‘fair’ daughter. This would be relevant as Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are not as directly involved in the scene as the others. A problem encountered here could be Rosencrantz’s part in the scene, the line; â€Å"Ay my lord, they stay upon your patience.† This could be approached by having Rosencrantz stepping forward in order to say his line. Although my suggestions have been made, I find Zeffirelli’s handling of the scene to be admirable and possibly flawless in the sense of interpreting the text into drama. In conclusion, this scene is extremely significant to the play as a whole. As mentioned, it begins the plotting of both Claudius and Hamlet to kill one another, but it also gives yet more depth and structure to Hamlet’s character. Emphasizing his antic disposition, feelings towards other characters in the play and exposes both Hamlet’s qualities and flaws in his personality. This scene is a favourite of mine, falling short only to Hamlet’s soliloquy (â€Å"To be or not to be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) and his somewhat upsetting reunion with his childhood friend and royal jester, Yorick.

The Powerful Nations of Imperialists

Imperialism is the practice by which powerful nations or peoples seek to extend and maintain control or influence over weaker nations or peoples. By the 1800†³s, the Western powers had advantages in this process. They led the world in technological advances, giving them a dominance when conquering other countries. The European Imperialists made attempts to conquer China and Japan. In this process, they succeeded by influencing Japan greatly. However, they were not as successful with China. At the end of the eighteenth century, China†s goods were much desired by Britain. However, the Chinese saw Europeans as savages and did not want to trade with them. During trade, there was an imbalance in China†s favor, because the Europeans were forced to buy Chinese goods using silver. The Western Imperialists began to grow opium poppies from in India, and then smuggle them into China. China soon became addicted to the drug and spent most of it†s money on the purchase of it from the Europeans and Americans. This shifted the balance of power to be in Europe†s favor. In the early 1800†³s, Japan had blocked off all trade from other countries. Foreign whaling ships could not even reload or repair their ships in Japan territory. This offended many other countries. In 1852, Matthew Perry was sent to Japan to negotiate open trade. Japan felt threatened by the United States, and gave in to their demands. Japan was frightened by their stipulations, and immediately began to reform. They developed a new education system that was similar to America and Europe†s. They also developed a Western style judiciary system. Japan and China reacted differently to the reforms of Imperialism. When put under pressure, Japan succumbed to the power of Western Imperialist ideas. Conversely, China, resisted for a long time. As a result, Japan had more technology, while China was unenlightened of the new advances. Japan also gained more respect from other countries, that China did not have. In the long run, Japan gained more by yielding to the Historically, states have been motivated to pursue imperialism for a variety of reasons, which may be classified broadly as economic, political, and ideological. The imperialism of China and Japan in the nineteenth century helped shape the way the countries are today. Japan†s culture, education, government, and other issues are based on the influences of America and Europe from years ago.

Business: Automobile and Proton Essay

This assignment contains about business environment. Business environment refers to different forces or surroundings that affect business operations. Such forces include customers, competitors, suppliers, distributors, industry trends, substitutes, regulations, government activities, the economy, and social and cultural factors. Others are innovations and technological developments. We choose Proton Holdings Berhad because we think this local company is the best company for us to do this business environment assignment because this company use this include Macro, Micro and Internal Environment. PROTON COMPANY BACKGROUND Proton Holdings Berhad (stylized PROTON) is a Malaysian automobile manufacturer. It is headquartered in Shah Alam, Selangor and operates an additional manufacturing plant in Tanjung Malim, Perak. The company was founded in 1983 and was the sole vehicle manufacturer in Malaysia until the establishment of Perodua in 1993. Proton is a Malay acronym for Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Sendirian Berhad. (English: National Automobile Company Private Limited). Proton was largely a manufacturer of badge engineered vehicles from Mitsubishi Motors between 1985 and the early 2000s. The company has since produced several indigenously designed vehicles and operates in at least 26 countries, of which the majority are in Asia. Proton was formerly owned by Khazanah Nasional, the investment holding arm of the government of Malaysia. In January 2012, it was taken over by DRB-HICOM, a Malaysian conglomerate in a transaction amounting RM1. 2 billion. Proton, predominantly reliant on the local industry is currently undergoing major structural and internal changes, as evident in the appointment of a new owner, partner, Chairman and the launch of various new and upcoming models in an effort to gain an international presense and increase profitability. PROTON produced Malaysia’s first car, the Proton SAGA which was commercially launched on July 9, 1985 by Malaysian Prime Minister, Dato’ Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamad who conceived the idea of a Malaysian car. One of the reason of this achievement is due to the introduction of new models with higher profit margins, stronger sales volume, savings from group-wide cost-reduction initiatives, income from the sale of rights for use of Intellectual Property Rights relating to a vehicle platform (for the China market) as well as the R&D grant. For the year 2008, PROTON’s focus would be in the core areas of product, quality, cost efficiency and distribution network. PROTON aims to have a strong product portfolio by introducing â€Å"the right car, for the right market, at the right price and at the right time†. This was reflected in the organisation’s newly introduced Exora, Persona and Saga Models, with the latter powered by the new CamPro IAFM engine. PROTON has also continued to update and refresh existing product lines to entice and attract customers. PROTON cars are also known internationally as competitive and innovative automobiles. PROTON now is being exported to 50 countries like United Kingdom and continental European markets, thereby realizing its goal of being an internationally successful Malaysian automobile manufacturer. The first PROTON car was exported in 1986. The number has increased steadily and in 1998, Malaysia exported a total of 18,422 units to countries and areas, including Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brunei Darussalam, Chile, Cyprus, Egypt, Fiji, Germany, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Maldives, Mauritius, Oman, Philippines, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovenia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan Province of China, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and United Kingdom. The models being exported include Wira, Sedan/Aeroback, Satria and Putra. PROTON’s exports are the most successful in the United Kingdom due to its competitive pricing strategy and its buyback arrangement with car rental companies in the country. PROTON also benefited from the Generalised Preferences Scheme that made it easy for them to enter the United Kingdom market. PROTON has introduced a few upgraded models with higher engine capacity and sporty design to establish its presence internationally. PROTON is focusing to be more customer-oriented and by producing competitively priced and innovative products. It is therefore contributing to the Malaysia’s attainment of Vision 2020. Main Body. Macroenvironment a) POLITICAL FACTORS Currently, most of ASEAN region are free trade or 96% of the entire ASEAN trade. Asian Free Trade Area was established in January of 1992 in order to eliminate tariff barriers among the Southeast Asian countries. It planned to reduce tariffs to zero to 5% in 15 years among the six nations through a common effective preferential tariff (Ghani & Zainuddin 2008). If we are going to check on the high selling prices of the national cars of Malaysia because of high production costs and lack of vendor efficiency, there is a big possibility that the local market will be ruled by imported cars. In Malaysia, PROTON prices are kept comparatively lower to foreign manufacturers through protectionism. Protectionist policy has largely been blamed for PROTON ‘s stagnating performance. b) ECONOMIC FACTORS The vehicle sales in the country is expected to fall by year by year due to different economic aspect, primarily the issue of global financial crisis, which affected the local financial status of the country (AseanOneMonitoring 2009). As a result, the government of the country is expecting a slow economic growth for the country, which can affect the buying behavior of the customers. Furthermore, due to the AFTA, it had increased the competition, which will impact the performance of Proton. c) SOCIAL FACTORS The growing population in the country is one of the factors which can affect the automobile industry. Furthermore, the ratio of car ownership in the country is somewhat high or total of 1:5, which signifies that people are considering cars as important things in their lives. Furthermore, people will also set on big-ticket items or consumers are expected to put off buying different motor vehicles because of the employment market uncertainty because of the global and local financial crisis (AseanOneMonitoring 2009). d) TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS Due to the increasing competition, the development in technology is growing and affecting the performance and position of each and every company in the automobile industry. It is also important to consider the maturity of technology, together with the maturity and capacity of manufacturing, which affect the innovation process of any company. Due to the different technologies, primarily the help of computer and the Internet, the potential for innovation and development is increasing. Microenvironment * Suppliers The supplier has a neutral power over the industry. This is because there are few dominant suppliers in the industry who are well known for quality and brand image. Provide the resources to produce goods and services. Treated as partners to provide customers service. Proton Supplier, AV Ventures steering, wiper and washer and window regulator systems. Ichikoh, Head lamp, mirror (also for Toyota, Nissan, and Subaru). * Other stakeholders Proton’s key stakeholders are the Environment, the Malaysian government, the Malaysian public, car owners as well as its vendors and suppliers. The Malaysia Government owns 52% of Proton shares through Khazanah, Petronas and ValueCap. ValueCap is a government investment arm. The government also heavily subsidizes the production of proton cars by giving grants and exemptions/tax credits. But despite that, Proton continues to make loses. The Malaysian public is the indirect shareholder through EPF (Employees Provident Fund), government unit trust funds Amanah Saham Bumiputera, Amanah Saham Malaysia) and Lembaga Tabung Haji. Together these funds hold around 20% of Proton shares. Additionally, it is the public that pays the tax, which then is used to provide grants and tax credits. Proton also involves in sponsorships in the area of education and sports as well as donations to the needy. Customers or car owners can’t find the exact figures of active Protons cars currently being driven all over Malaysia but I would estimate the figure to be around 3 million (assuming no cars have been fully retired). The figure is justified since I can still see many first generation Proton Saga cars on the road. Environment also externality factor to be considered by having almost 3 million proton cars on our road (most of the cars produced are sold locally in Malaysia !! ). Moreover, the earlier generations of Proton are nearing retirement and may need to be sent to scrap yard and contribute to our ever increasing waste disposal problem. Vendors and Suppliers More than 80 per cent of Proton components are currently produced or supplied by automotive component manufacturers and suppliers. Proton’s network of 287 vendors and approximately 3,000 sub-vendors currently supply more than 5,000 individual components and parts for its cars. * Intermediaries We continued to work with our distributors and dealers in a number of ways, most importantly, on programs designed to enhance the sales and service experience for our customers. The strengthening of the domestic sales and service network remain our key focus to improve customer service and maintain our market share. Proton Cars Australia recorded retail sales of 1,388 units, an increase of 55%. This was the second largest increase in percentage terms of any OEM in Australia. The higher sales were attributed to the success of the Jumbuck (Arena) which accounted for 786 units. Proton Cars UK managed to retail a total of 507 units of Jumbuck (Arena), which represented 80% of the sub one ton single cab petrol pick-up market. Total sales however, recorded a decline of 14% with the gradual phasing out of the old products. Proton has continued to achieve excellent results in the 2004 UK J. D. Power Customer Satisfaction Survey. Proton tied for 10th position in the Overall Top Brand Category out of 33 brands and was placed second in Dealer Service Satisfaction, just behind Lexus. Further inroad into the neighbouring Asean markets is expected in 2005 with the establishment of Proton Edar Indonesia and Proton Singapore. * Competitor The big competitor in Malaysia in term of automobile companies and affordable car is PERODUA. The competitive environment as we can see roughly in Malaysia is affordable car where all citizens in Malaysia can buy it and the car maintenances also cheap. Here, the porter four are been applied for more clearly because the competitive environment not only about the competitor. It can be about the economic recession, natural disaster and etc. i) Competitive Rivalry In Malaysia, there is not too much competitor around affordable car. The low cost car as I mentioned above (cheap maintenance) is not have a lot of competitor in generally. The affordable car in Malaysia also, gets more potential to sell compared to luxury car. The luxury car is only certain people used. As we see the environment in Malaysia, 1 family will have more than 1 car. For sure, the first car they will choose the cheaper car and affordable car. ii) Threat of New Entrant (high) The economic recession will be a big threat for PROTON. As we know, all big company will facing over budget or does not achieve the sale for that year. The government will lose a lot of money cause of policy and shareholders. By the way, economic down turn actually comes suddenly without notice. iii) Threat of Substitutes (high) Substitutes also will be a big threat for PROTON. Malaysia has to national car. The First automobile is PROTON and secondly PERODUA. The substitutes will high in term of car model (some of car model looks similar), and car spare part. iv) Buyer Power Buyer will choose the low cost car for the first car and buyer also actually are fragmented. So, it will not has much influence. * Customer Customers are the source of our income. We deliver on our promises to our customers’ satisfaction. The process in identifying the consumer target for new Proton Exora 2 is important due to the fact that consumers tend to have different brand knowledge structures and thus they will perceive differently for the products or services. Proton has successfully identified their target market, according to the segmentation bases namely behavioral, demographic and psychographic factors. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT Marketing The company used to segment its market on variables such as behavioral, demographic, and geographical differences. Behavioral Segmentation: Behavioral segmentation is based on the customer’s needs and subsequent reaction to those needs or toward the purchase of intended products and/or services. Demographic Segmentation: Demographic segmentation refers to a wide study of the potential customers. Since the company is targeting its market to more economy class customers, demographic segmentation is employed by the company. Geographical Segmentation: Geographical segmentation is done by dividing people (markets) into different geographical locations. The company targets markets of different countries other than Malaysia. Production PROTON’s model products include WAJA, SATRIA, GTi, WIRA, ISWARA, ARENA, PERDANA V6, JUARA, PERSONA and EXORA. The range of 1. 3, 1. 5, 1. 6, 1. 8 and 2. 0 litre engines satisfies a wide spectrum of customers both locally and abroad. PROTON’s model products include WAJA, SATRIA, GTi, WIRA, ISWARA, ARENA, PERDANA V6, JUARA, PERSONA and EXORA. The range of 1. 3, 1. 5, 1. 6, 1. 8 and 2. 0 litre engines satisfies a wide spectrum of customers both locally and abroad. Based on technology and parts from Mitsubishi Motors, production of the first model, the Proton Saga began in September 1985 at its first manufacturing plant in Shah Alam, Selangor. The 100,000th Proton Saga was produced in January 1989 and latest model is Suprima S. Finance Proton maintained huge financial profit thought the 1980s till 2000 due to their high market share in Malaysia. But with the launch of an arch rival Perodua in 1993, Proton was about to have a big run for its money and this came to reality in the 2000s. Proton’s market share dropped in 2006 to 30. 4% for the Malaysian market. Their generated revenue of 7,796 ( Million in Malaysian Ringgit) in 2006 was the second lowest in the last seven years as the company have always hit the billion Ringgit mark in the previous 7 years. This fall allowed Perodua to overtake Proton as the country’s largest passenger carmaker for the first time in history, with a 41. 6% market share while Proton fell from 40% in 2005 to 32% in 2006. Their market share continued to reduce down to 23. 1% in 2010 mainly due to new government policies. For example, under AFTA, Malaysia has reduced import tariffs, admittedly after having secured a two-year deferral from ASEAN. Import tariffs on completely built-up (CBU) unites were reduced from a band of 70 – 90 percent to 20 percent at the start of 2005. However, it is important to understanding that Proton losing its market share to Perodua, another Malaysian automobile that was formed a decade after full operation of Proton could hint some gaps in their management system. In other to justify these claims, it is necessary to have a look at their in-depth financial performance since the 2000s and how they have coped with loses in relation to their internationalization project. Personnel The overall thrust of our Human Resource strategy is to recruit, reward and retain the best employees. During the year, a number of recruitment road shows were conducted in Malaysia as well as the UK among leading engineering and business universities to meet our growing requirement. The response was overwhelming and more such road shows are being planned for the coming year. An internship program for graduate trainees was implemented during the year to meet the growing needs of the business. The Human Resource Management Group has continued to be the key forum for the communication of policies and issues affecting the employees. The Group comprising representatives from the Senior Management and the Proton Workers Union meet on a monthly basis to discuss strategic human resource issues affecting employees. It is a unique program that allows regular communication and prompt resolution of issues as well as participation by the Union in the development of policies affecting the employees. Research & Development The Group continues to research new technologies with the ultimate aim to put these innovations into production through partnerships with Tier One Suppliers or OEM customers. Two such advancements likely to see production are engine technology AVT (Active Valve Train) and chassis technology VVA (Versatile Vehicle Architecture). The Group has also invested significantly on the development of new innovative products to meet the challenges of the market place. During the financial year, the Group invested RM542. 9 million (2003: RM413 million) in research and development. For 2004, total development expenditure increased significantly with work focused on the development of new models on a number of platforms including the leading edge Versatile Vehicle Architecture (VVA). The VVA reduces the time it takes to bring a new product to market and helps meet changing demand more quickly. Globally, we are moving towards shared technologies so that vehicles can be differentiated while using common components. The reduction in development time will create greater efficiency and the standardisation will also lead to greater economies of scale in purchasing components. Development has also begun on an aluminium-bodied vehicle built on the VVA platform. Increased fuel efficiency and power through weight reduction and material recyclability are key factors that have conspired together to promote the use of aluminium in vehicle body structures for high volume production. CONCLUSION Proton is aiming to become one of the strong competitors of the automobile companies in market. So, as other existed competitors challenge the other proton company, they were inspired by them to develop a quality business for the customers. Competitive advantage is what they are targeting for company and there are business motivational is about the capabilities in automobile companies . Even they are realizing that there are some existed competitors have their own abilities in the automobile, they are also have the buyer Power. The buyer will choose the cheap car for the first car and buyer also actually are fragmented. Therefore, it will not have much affecting. Besides that, they are always finds a way to make the market being effective with their strong distribution network. However, the companies of proton is the most famous company in Malaysia as we know and they will try the best to ensure that damage will occur. Moreover, proton also is one of the companies which give a inspiration on all people and race in Malaysia irrespective early age or that old. Everyone knows, that Proton has various product automobile with the design distinctive. Some, from revenue scooped the great of benefits had rival that high with others automobile company. Even though, it still will ensure that Proton companies will always stable with economy and in terms of from product aspect is that best and high quality.

Retailer Companies Essay

Amazon Amazon is an online retailer however there have been talks and news articles of the company planning to open a warehouse store in New York City. However being an online only retailer means the company can meet any customer target and offer shopping to anyone. This removes travel time, travel costs and parking costs which appeal to more customers. This can also appeal to younger shoppers aged 16+ who are unable to drive and must pay out a large charge in travel fare. There is also a larger reach in the consumer area and they now have the ability to reach a worldwide target. Also being an online only business they can give specific and limited discounting to their products. New Look New look is a multiple store that usually located in an in town area. Being located in town has many advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages to being an in town store is the easy access by both public and personal transport. However a disadvantage to this is the large travel costs both paying for tickets on trains or busses but also petrol and parking costs. A second advantage in the allotted sale space can be increased and the store can have a larger floor space. However due to this the store costs more to rent and run meaning there are only a small amount of discounts the store is able to give. Pandora Pandora is a multinational company using a multiple store which is usually located in out of town areas. Because of the area where they are placed they have a long travel time making the easiest travel option the car however you can travel to them on public transport but many involve changes and larger fares. However due to the travel costs the areas slightly reduce store costs and also allow free parking. This means that although travel time and cost is high it holds more appeal due to the lower prices and free parking. Best One Newsagents Best One Newsagents is a franchised business that is based in local  locations. The areas that these stores are in are specifically placed in accordance to the surrounding area. They will be in an area where there are many houses surrounding them so that customers have east when going to the store. Due to the fact of them being a local store they are smaller than others and are able to sell items at cheaper prices. This appeals to the customers so that they can get bits they need without going to supermarkets and paying a higher price. eBay eBay is an online only auction site where people are able to sell unwanted items securely. This means they can sell items that people are looking for E.G a new iPad Air would usually be sold at retail price for  £399 but on eBay a new but used one could be sold at up to a 90% discount and that could be a set price or they could use the auction and consumers could bid to see who will be the one to purchase the item. As this is a selling site you will need to receive the money and many use PayPal as it is a secure way to pay the money however you can just pay cash if you are collecting the item.

Secondary market research or customer analysis on Octopus Card (a Essay

Secondary market research or customer analysis on Octopus Card (a product from Hong Kong) - Essay Example e-payment gained momentum. Now a growing number of transactions are occurring via electronic payment systems that serve as alternative to cash. This growth in e-payment has been fueled largely by smart card technology. Smart Card technology evolved in the mid 80’s but initially it was not much in use. During the last decade of 20th century, there was rapid increase in its use for diverse activities. Nowadays people are recognizing the potential of smart card technology for e- payments and are becoming more dependent on smart cards for their transactions. â€Å"Nowadays, most popular payment methods are based on cards i.e. magnetic cards, smart cards, contactless cards† (Ondrus and Pigneur, 2). E-Payments experienced a compound annual growth rate of 12.3 % globally during 1999 to 2004 (Global Electronic Payments Market Study and Forecast, 7). Today consumers, banks, merchants and retailers prefer electronic transactions. In U.S. alone, e-payments accounted for more than two-thirds of non cash transactions in 2006. In U.S. the electronic payment methods including debit and credit cards are displacing paper checks and cash payments at an accelerating pace (Wall Street Journal). Electronic money transactions are carried out mainly by three methods: credit, debit and stored value prepaid cards. Credit Card: Credit cards are based on buy-now-pay-later strategy. Examples of credit-based payment are Visa, Master and American Express smartcards. Credit cards are most popular payment method in the U.S. Debit Cards: Debit cards have a similar cost structure as that of the credit cards. But unlike credit cards, the amount from the account of the consumer is debited immediately. Consumer needs to enter a PIN in debit card transactions that proves time consuming for micro payments. Contactless Stored Value Cards: Third type of e-payment method is stored value smart cards. The stored value smart cards may be single purposed cash cards, multi-purposed payment

Criminology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Criminology - Term Paper Example The paper, on the basis of the relevant researches conducted on the similar topics, views unemployment, poverty and inequality as the basic reasons behind high homicide rate in the island. Domestic violence, lack of tolerance, class discrimination and ethno-racial hatred can also be stated the imperative reasons behind homicide in the region. The study has been conducted in the light of Marxist and Freudian perspectives, which consider class differences and sexual arousal respectively as the major factors behind committing of different crimes. The paper has also made suggestions for the quick and permanent eradication of homicide from the island. Homicide in Puerto Rico Contents Pages Abstract 3 Statement of the Problem 3 Legal Nature of Homicide 4-5 Homicide Subcategories 6-8 Homicide Statistics 8-9 Puerto Rico and Selected Metropolitan Areas Homicide Comparison 9-10 Homicide Contributing Factors 10-11 Recommendations 11 References 12 Abstract Collected in 2003, the national crime s tatistics of Puerto Rico declare homicide as one of the most dominant causes of unnatural deaths in the country. An overwhelming majority of offenders belongs to young males from 25 to 35 years of age in this Caribbean island. Consequently, the country finds the involvement of its youth in killing of the citizens in cold blood. Hence, the statistics alarm the growth of social evils like poverty, unemployment and unequal distribution of wealth and resources in the country, encouraging the desperate youth to adopt the path of destruction and turmoil for the fulfillment of their desires on the one hand, and to take revenge of social injustices and deprivations from their social establishment on the other. Statement of the Problem The researches reveal the very fact that Puerto Rico Island has turned out to be the victim of homicide in the pattern of the mainland USA, as the violence and crime rate witnessed an upward trend from late 1990s onward. Although the crime rate in the region w as lesser than that of New York and Florida even in the initial years of the new millennium, yet the same appears to be touching the dangerous point putting the social, cultural and economic activities into grave jeopardy. The present study aims to present a comparative examination of the upsurge of homicide in the region and New York by exploring the factors paving the way towards the high rate of homicide criminal activity in this unincorporated territory of the USA in order to address the actual problem on the one hand, and combat with the growing violence in the territory on the other. The Legal Nature of Homicide The notion homicide is aptly applied by the social scientists and theorists to identify the illegal murder of individuals. Homicides are those assaults intended to be fatal regardless of outcome plus those assaults that were fatal regardless of intent. (Daly & Wilson, 1988 pp. 13-14) Since homicide is a vast concept in its nature and scope, it encompasses every type of illegal and extra judicial murder, killing and manslaughter at large. Hence, the term homicide is regarded as the most nefarious offence against the very foundations of law and society, as it not only deprives a human of his life, but also leaves the family, friends and companions of the murdered in a perturbing and tormenting state of affairs subsequently. Thus, homicide and the practitioners of the same are paving the way to